PAUL HAY Capital Projects
Rainwater Drainage
Author: Paul Hay
profile: www.linkedin.com/in/phcjam
1.0 SURFACE DRAINAGE IS NEEDED ON THE SITE
Figure 1: Foundation Drains [Source :- JLC Field Guide to Residential Construction (Vol. 1)]
1.1 Surface drainage systems are designed to collect and drain rainwater.
1.2 There are two basic systems:
1.2.1 An open system comprises natural or man-made swales/ditches, and is generally used on sites with predominantly natural surfaces; but
1.2.2 A closed system which comprises inlets, catchbasins, pipes and manholes is used otherwise.
1.3 The two systems can also be used collectively.
1.4 Permeability of natural surfaces depends on soil composition:
1.4.1 Coarse soils, like gravel, are most permeable and fine soils, such as clay, are least permeable;
1.4.2 If soil readily forms a ball when moist and does not fragment when dropped, it most likely contains a large proportion of clay; but
1.4.3 Soils laboratory tests give a more conclusive analysis of soil composition.
1.5 Vegetation on site should be protected and maintain wherever possible.
1.6 Runoff should be diverted where required by digging ditches or mounding berms:
1.6.1 Swales/ditches with slopes less than 4% should be sodded; and
1.6.2 Steeper slopes must be lined with fabric or rock to minimize erosion.
1.7 Catchbasins have a sump below the outlet pipe to trap debris, and should not be interconnected.
1.8 Manholes should be located where pipes join, change size, slope, or alignment, but should be no further than 180 m apart.
2.0 ROOFS SHOULD HAVE FALLS FOR DRAINAGE
2.1 Roofs need to have falls to facilitate the removal of rainwater:
2.1.1 Falls should be towards the eaves of the roof, gutters or drains;
2.1.2 Drain-pipes and leaders can be located within a building;
2.1.3 Slope of the roof does not influence the size of gutters and leaders;
2.1.4 Each roofing material has a recommended range of slopes for application;
2.1.5 If gutters are not at roof eaves, provision should be made to prevent water from running along the soffit of the roof.
2.2 Exposed slabs should have a fall of at least 1:50 to prevent “ponding”:
2.2.1 Cement and sand screeds may be placed on flat roofs;
2.2.2 Structural roofs may be tilted; or
2.2.3 Roof insulation can be installed with the required falls.
3.0 GUTTERS REDIRECT FLOW TO LEADERS & DRAINS
3.1 Gutters and leaders are used to prevent flooding around the perimeter of a building:
3.1.1 Gutters are required if grounds, doorways, and foundation footings are prone to flooding;
3.1.2 Leaders transfer water from gutters to ground.
3.2 Only small porches and canopies should use gutters with width smaller than 100 mm.
3.3 Exposed gutters are available in many shapes and sizes:
3.3.1 Shapes are classified as rectangular, half-round, or ogee;
3.3.2 Gutter size should be determined from the plan area of the section of roof proposed to be drained by the gutter.
3.4 Exposed gutters are hung from straps.
3.5 The back of gutters should be 12 mm higher than the front.
3.6 Gutters can be built into roof surfaces:
3.6.1 Gutters should be detailed to prevent leaking indoors; and
3.6.2 Expansion joints must be built into their linings to permit movement.
3.7 Gutter should have a minimum fall of 1:200 for proper drainage:
3.7.1 Increasing fall permits the use of smaller gutters; and
3.7.2 Expansion joints should be located at high points.
3.8 Gutters can empty into leader heads or drains.
Figure 2: Gutter & Drain Detail [Source:- Mechanical & Electrical Equipment for Buildings]
4.0 DRAINS & LEADERS CARRY WATER AWAY FROM BUILDINGS
4.1 Roof drains are installed at low points of flat roofs and roofs with parapets.
4.2 Drains usually have strainers to keep leaves out of drain-pipes.
4.3 Leaders can be round or rectangular.
4.4 Leaders are secured to walls with metal straps.
4.5 Leaders should be installed 6m - 15m apart.
4.6 Drains and leader sizes should be determined from the plan area of the section of roof proposed for drainage.
Figure 3: Termination of rainwater leaders [Source:- Mechanical & Electrical Equipment for Buildings]
4.7 Leaders should terminate at ground level in an elbow.
4.8 Rainwater must be directed away from the foundation of the building:
4.8.1 A splash pan can be located at the end of the elbow;
4.8.2 A gravel-filled hole is more effective; or
4.8.3 If soil is very permeable, a soak-away pit can be used.
4.8.1 A splash pan can be located at the end of the elbow;
4.8.2 A gravel-filled hole is more effective; or
4.8.3 If soil is very permeable, a soak-away pit can be used.
4.9 Footing drains can lead water away from foundation footings to prevent leakage through basement walls:
4.9.1 This is especially useful where drainage from higher ground increases flow against underground walls; and
4.9.2 Pipes can lead water away to distant locations, if there is sufficient land space and fall is mild; but4.9.3 Drains are not permitted to connect to sanitary drains.
5.0 ROOF DESIGN & RATE OF HOURLY RAINFALL INFLUENCE SIZING
5.1 Roof area is determined from location of leaders and respective roof falls:
5.1.1 Only the portion of roof which falls towards a gutter or drain is considered;
5.1.2 Area of eaves are also included if they fall towards a gutter or drain.
5.2 Slope of gutters need to be established.
5.3 The maximum hourly rainfall needs to be determined for the location.
5.4 Diameters of half-round gutters, round drains and leaders are sized from tables provided:
5.4.1 Table 1 should be consulted for gutter size;
5.4.2 Table 2 for drains and leaders, and
5.4.3 Table 3 for drain-pipes.
5.5 Rectangular gutters should have areas equivalent to size determined for half-round gutters.
_________________________________________________Construction Materials & Processes, Don G. Watson, McGrawHill Book Co., USA.
Ramsey/Sleeper Architectural Graphic Standards, AIA, Robert T Packard (ed.),
John Wiley & Sons Inc., USA.
_________________________________________________
TABLE 1: GUTTER SIZES | |||||
Maximum Plan Area of roof, m2 | |||||
DIA. @ | MAXIMUM RAINFALL (mm/hr) | ||||
1:200 fall | 50 | 75 | 100 | 125 | 150 |
75 | 32 | 21 | 16 | 13 | 10 |
100 | 67 | 45 | 33 | 27 | 22 |
125 | 116 | 77 | 58 | 46 | 39 |
150 | 178 | - | 89 | 71 | 59 |
175 | 256 | 171 | 128 | 102 | 85 |
200 | 370 | 247 | 185 | 148 | 123 |
250 | 669 | 446 | 334 | 268 | 223 |
DIA. @ | MAXIMUM RAINFALL (mm/hr) | ||||
1:100 fall | 50 | 75 | 100 | 125 | 150 |
75 | 45 | 30 | 22 | 18 | 15 |
100 | 95 | 63 | 47 | 38 | 32 |
125 | 163 | 109 | 82 | 65 | 54 |
150 | 253 | 169 | 126 | 101 | 84 |
175 | 362 | 241 | 181 | 145 | 121 |
200 | 520 | 347 | 260 | 208 | 174 |
250 | 948 | 632 | 474 | 379 | 316 |
DIA. @ | MAXIMUM RAINFALL (mm/hr) | ||||
1:50 fall | 50 | 75 | 100 | 125 | 150 |
75 | 63 | 42 | 32 | 25 | 21 |
100 | 134 | 89 | 67 | 53 | 45 |
125 | 232 | 155 | 116 | 93 | 77 |
150 | 357 | 238 | 178 | 143 | 119 |
175 | 513 | 342 | 256 | 205 | 171 |
200 | 739 | 493 | 370 | 295 | 247 |
250 | 1,134 | 892 | 669 | 534 | 446 |
DIA. @ | MAXIMUM RAINFALL (mm/hr) | ||||
1:25 fall | 50 | 75 | 100 | 125 | 150 |
75 | 89 | 59 | 45 | 36 | 30 |
100 | 189 | 126 | 95 | 76 | 67 |
125 | 329 | 219 | 164 | 131 | 110 |
150 | 515 | 343 | 257 | 206 | 172 |
175 | 725 | 483 | 362 | 290 | 241 |
200 | 1,040 | 693 | 520 | 416 | 346 |
250 | 1,858 | 1,238 | 929 | 743 | 619 |
TABLE 2: DRAIN & LEADER | |||||
Maximum Plan Area of roof, m2 | |||||
MAXIMUM RAINFALL (mm/hr) | |||||
DIA. | 50 | 75 | 100 | 125 | 150 |
50 | 134 | 89 | 67 | 53 | 45 |
75 | 409 | 272 | 204 | 163 | 137 |
100 | 855 | 569 | 427 | 341 | 285 |
125 | 1607 | 1071 | 804 | 643 | 536 |
150 | 2508 | 1672 | 1254 | 1003 | 836 |
200 | 5388 | 3591 | 2694 | 2155 | 1794 |
TABLE 3: DRAIN-PIPES | |||||
DIA. @ | MAXIMUM RAINFALL (mm/hr) | ||||
1:100 fall | 50 | 75 | 100 | 125 | 150 |
75 | 153 | 102 | 76 | 61 | 51 |
100 | 349 | 233 | 175 | 140 | 116 |
125 | 621 | 414 | 310 | 248 | 207 |
150 | 994 | 663 | 497 | 398 | 331 |
200 | 2,137 | 1,424 | 1,068 | 855 | 706 |
250 | 3,846 | 2,564 | 1,923 | 1,540 | 1,282 |
300 | 6,187 | 4,125 | 3,094 | 2,476 | 2,062 |
DIA. @ | MAXIMUM RAINFALL (mm/hr) | ||||
1:50 fall | 50 | 75 | 100 | 125 | 150 |
75 | 215 | 144 | 108 | 86 | 72 |
100 | 492 | 328 | 246 | 197 | 164 |
125 | 877 | 584 | 438 | 351 | 292 |
150 | 1,403 | 935 | 701 | 561 | 468 |
200 | 3,028 | 2,019 | 1,514 | 1,211 | 1,009 |
250 | 5,425 | 3,618 | 2,713 | 2,169 | 1,807 |
300 | 8,732 | 5,815 | 4,266 | 3,493 | 2,912 |
Dia. @ | MAXIMUM RAINFALL (mm/hr) | ||||
1:25 fall | 50 | 75 | 100 | 125 | 150 |
75 | 305 | 213 | 153 | 122 | 102 |
100 | 699 | 465 | 349 | 280 | 232 |
125 | 1,241 | 827 | 621 | 494 | 413 |
150 | 1,988 | 1,272 | 994 | 797 | 663 |
200 | 4,274 | 2,847 | 2,137 | 1,709 | 1,423 |
250 | 7,692 | 5,128 | 3,846 | 3,080 | 2,564 |
300 | 12,374 | 8,249 | 6,187 | 4,942 | 4,125 |